{"id":22996,"date":"2019-06-27T10:33:04","date_gmt":"2019-06-27T08:33:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/transition-cities-from-black-to-green\/"},"modified":"2019-07-15T14:56:48","modified_gmt":"2019-07-15T12:56:48","slug":"transition-cities-from-black-to-green","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/transition-cities-from-black-to-green\/","title":{"rendered":"Villes en transition : passer du noir au vert"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Si la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique\ndes r\u00e9gions productrices de charbon n\u2019est pas un probl\u00e8me nouveau, ce sujet a\nr\u00e9cemment fait l\u2019objet d\u2019un regain d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat dans les fils d\u2019actualit\u00e9. Vous\navez sans doute entendu parler des protestations contre l\u2019extension de la mine\nde charbon dans la for\u00eat s\u00e9culaire de Hambach, en Allemagne. Les articles et\nles d\u00e9clarations sur les cons\u00e9quences possibles de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique\nsur l\u2018environnement urbain, les identit\u00e9s r\u00e9gionales et l\u2019emploi ne se sont pas\nfaits attendre. Mais plus je lis des articles sur les actions innovantes des\nvilles et la transition vers les \u00e9nergies renouvelables, moins je crois dans\nles discours politiques qui d\u00e9fendent l\u2019immobilisme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des villes \u00ab\u00a0en d\u00e9croissance\u00a0\u00bb ou des villes en transition ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le discours ambiant nous conduit \u00e0 penser qu\u2019une ancienne cit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re est une ville en d\u00e9croissance, pour ne pas dire une \u00ab\u00a0ville fant\u00f4me\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>. Une ville en d\u00e9croissance<\/a> est une ville qui a connu une baisse persistante de sa population li\u00e9e \u00e0 des transformations structurelles (par ex. perte d\u2019emplois ou \u00e9puisement des ressources). Ses infrastructures deviennent alors surdimensionn\u00e9es et trop ch\u00e8res \u00e0 entretenir. Les anciennes structures sociales et financi\u00e8res ne fonctionnent plus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je ne nie pas le d\u00e9fi colossal que repr\u00e9sente la fermeture d\u2019une mine de charbon. Mais toutes les villes mini\u00e8res ne sont pas condamn\u00e9es \u00e0 devenir des villes fant\u00f4mes\u00a0!<\/strong> La fa\u00e7on dont elles r\u00e9agissent et s\u2019adaptent \u00e0 la nouvelle situation peut faire toute la diff\u00e9rence. J\u2019aimerais, \u00e0 ce sujet, vous conter l\u2019histoire de deux anciennes villes mini\u00e8res qui ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 tourner la page du charbon. Et qui ont am\u00e9lior\u00e9 la qualit\u00e9 de vie de leurs habitants dans le m\u00eame temps !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Loos en transition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Loos-en-Gohelle est une petite ville de 7 000 habitants dans le nord de la France. La ville et ses alentours ont \u00e9t\u00e9 profond\u00e9ment marqu\u00e9s par l\u2019industrie du charbon qui s\u2019y est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e des ann\u00e9es 1850\u00a0 aux ann\u00e9es 1980. Apr\u00e8s la fermeture des mines, la collectivit\u00e9 locale a d\u00fb prendre une d\u00e9cision tr\u00e8s importante : remplacer l\u2019industrie mini\u00e8re par d\u2019autres industries lourdes, ou prendre une toute autre direction. La municipalit\u00e9 a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de se tourner vers l\u2019avenir.\u00a0 Aujourd\u2019hui, Loos-en-Gohelle est un cas exemplaire d\u2019une ville qui a su se lib\u00e9rer de sa d\u00e9pendance aux \u00e9nergies fossiles.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les actions prises concernent tous les secteurs, de la r\u00e9novation des b\u00e2timents au tourisme, en passant par les technologies vertes et la production d\u2019\u00e9nergies renouvelables. Ainsi, lorsqu\u2019il a fallu r\u00e9nover la toiture de l\u2019\u00e9glise, la municipalit\u00e9 a d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d\u2019y faire installer des panneaux photovolta\u00efques. Le nouveau toit de l\u2019\u00e9glise comprend donc une installation solaire photovolta\u00efque en plus des ardoises traditionnelles. Ces panneaux, install\u00e9s en 2013, \u00a0fournissent \u00e0 la ville un revenu de 5\u00a0000 euros par an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0On ne peut pas construire l\u2019avenir en reniant son histoire\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les terrils des fosses 11 et\n19 t\u00e9moignent du pass\u00e9 minier de Loos-en-Gohelle. Inscrit au patrimoine mondial\nde l\u2019UNESCO en 2012, le site minier de la fosse 11\/19 a \u00e9t\u00e9 transform\u00e9 en\ncentre culturel et d\u2019information sur le d\u00e9veloppement durable. Il abrite\nplusieurs associations culturelles et des centres de R&D, un atout pour\nl\u2019avenir de la ville.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon le maire\nJean-Fran\u00e7ois Caron, \u00ab on ne peut construire l\u2019avenir en reniant son\nhistoire \u00bb. La ville  devait faire\nface \u00e0 de nombreux d\u00e9fis, le plus grand \u00e9tant de se r\u00e9inventer en tant que\ncommunaut\u00e9. Les acteurs locaux ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 ce processus.  Au cours de la p\u00e9riode 2008-2014, la\nmunicipalit\u00e9 a organis\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 200 d\u00e9bats publics. Les habitants ont pu ainsi contribuer\n\u00e0 la mise en place de projets locaux et exprimer leur opinion. Apr\u00e8s plus d\u2019un\nsi\u00e8cle de vie rythm\u00e9 par l\u2019exploitation houill\u00e8re, ils ont su retrouver leur\ncapacit\u00e9 d\u2019action et d\u2019initiative personnelle !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Redonner vie aux mines abandonn\u00e9es<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Heerlen, ville membre d\u2019Energy Cities, est un autre exemple de ville mini\u00e8re qui a su se r\u00e9approprier son \u00e9nergie. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1900, l\u2019industrie de la houille repr\u00e9sentait l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique la plus importante de la r\u00e9gion. Le gouvernement n\u00e9erlandais a creus\u00e9 un vaste r\u00e9seau de tunnels sur le territoire et autour de Heerlen pour en extraire le charbon. Des dizaines de milliers de mineurs et leurs familles ont v\u00e9cu de cette industrie. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s la fermeture des mines entre 1965 et 1974, la r\u00e9gion a d\u00fb faire face \u00e0 un d\u00e9clin \u00e9conomique, social et culturel. \u00a0Les anciens tunnels miniers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 inond\u00e9s en laissant remonter le niveau de la nappe phr\u00e9atique, une eau chauff\u00e9e naturellement par g\u00e9othermie. Les mines sont ainsi devenues un r\u00e9servoir d\u2019eau inutilis\u00e9 pendant de nombreuses ann\u00e9es, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que la municipalit\u00e9 d\u00e9cide de lancer le projet Mijnwater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019eau des mines\u00a0: une \u00e9nergie renouvelable <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La municipalit\u00e9 de Heerlen s\u2019est\nengag\u00e9e \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer les conditions de vie locales et \u00e0 r\u00e9habiliter la r\u00e9gion.\nEn 2005, avec le soutien de l\u2019UE et de l\u2019agence gouvernementale Agentschap NL, cinq\npuits ont \u00e9t\u00e9 creus\u00e9s et un syst\u00e8me de canalisations souterraines permettant de\nfaire circuler l\u2019eau a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place. En 2008, la premi\u00e8re installation\ng\u00e9othermique fonctionnant avec des eaux de mine au monde, Gen Coel in\nHeerlerheide, est devenue op\u00e9rationnelle et les premiers raccordements au\nr\u00e9seau Mijnwater ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s. Actuellement, l\u2019entreprise municipale\nalimente en \u00e9nergie renouvelable des logements, des bureaux, des \u00e9coles\n\u00e9l\u00e9mentaires, des supermarch\u00e9s, une cr\u00e8che et un complexe sportif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De ville essentiellement connue pour son activit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re, Heerlen est d\u00e9sormais une ville reconnue internationalement pour ses impressionnants efforts dans le domaine de la g\u00e9othermie.\u00a0 Outre le fait que la ville a beaucoup gagn\u00e9 en terme d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, \u00a0le projet a permis de cr\u00e9er des emplois locaux et des opportunit\u00e9s d\u2019investissement dans la r\u00e9gion. Il a \u00e9galement permis de d\u00e9velopper des connaissances et une expertise au niveau local. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pas mal pour une ville fant\u00f4me !<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Si la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des r\u00e9gions productrices de charbon n\u2019est pas un probl\u00e8me nouveau, ce sujet a r\u00e9cemment fait l\u2019objet d\u2019un regain d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat dans les [\u2026]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":20936,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"hub":[310],"topic":[82,101,110],"legislative_initiative":[],"document_type":[],"acf":[],"author_meta":{"display_name":"Sara Giovannini","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/s-giovannini\/"},"featured_img":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/coal-300x155.jpg","featured_image_src":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/coal.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"Sara Giovannini","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/s-giovannini\/"},"yoast_head":"\nVilles en transition : passer du noir au vert - 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