{"id":35082,"date":"2020-11-13T15:27:22","date_gmt":"2020-11-13T14:27:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/?p=35082"},"modified":"2020-12-10T12:13:02","modified_gmt":"2020-12-10T11:13:02","slug":"lhydrogene-et-ses-50-nuances-de-gris-vert-bleu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/lhydrogene-et-ses-50-nuances-de-gris-vert-bleu\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et ses 50 nuances de gris, vert, bleu \u2026"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pas un d\u00e9bat sur l\u2019avenir de\nl\u2019\u00e9nergie sans que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ne soit sur toutes les l\u00e8vres. Une \u00e9nergie\nsouvent associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des couleurs dont la signification vous \u00e9chappe peut-\u00eatre. Pas\nde panique, nous avons pr\u00e9par\u00e9 un petit glossaire pour vous y retrouver !<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blanc : l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat naturel<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Petit rappel des bases :\nl\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne (H) est l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment le plus l\u00e9ger du tableau p\u00e9riodique. C\u2019est\n\u00e9galement l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment le plus abondant dans l\u2019univers. Il peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 comme\nmati\u00e8re de base dans l\u2019industrie, comme carburant ou comme vecteur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.\nSa combustion n\u2019\u00e9met pas de CO2, ce qui en fait un excellent candidat pour\nd\u00e9carboner notre \u00e9conomie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A l\u2019\u00e9tat naturel, il est essentiellement pr\u00e9sent sous forme gazeuse (H2) et n\u2019a pas de couleur. C\u2019est pourquoi vous entendrez parler \u00ab\u00a0d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne blanc\u00a0\u00bb lorsqu\u2019il est fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne que l\u2019on trouve (rarement) \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat naturel dans des couches g\u00e9ologiques. A l\u2019heure actuelle, il n\u2019existe pas de strat\u00e9gie viable pour exploiter ces gisements et divers proc\u00e9d\u00e9s ont donc \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s pour en produire artificiellement<\/strong>. C\u2019est l\u00e0 qu\u2019interviennent les couleurs\u00a0: chacune d\u00e9signe la source d\u2019\u00e9nergie et\/ou le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 pour produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brun\/noir : la couleur parle d\u2019elle-m\u00eame <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 le plus ancien pour produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne consiste \u00e0 transformer du charbon en gaz. \u00a0La gaz\u00e9ification<\/strong> permet en effet de convertir les mati\u00e8res carbon\u00e9es, organiques ou fossiles, en monoxyde de carbone, hydrog\u00e8ne et dioxyde de carbone. Ce traitement thermochimique \u00e0 temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es (plus de 700\u00b0C) se fait sans combustion en injectant une quantit\u00e9 contr\u00f4l\u00e9e d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne et\/ou de la vapeur d\u2019eau. Une r\u00e9action du gaz \u00e0 l\u2019eau convertit le m\u00e9lange de monoxyde de carbone et de vapeur d\u2019eau en un m\u00e9lange de dioxyde de carbone et d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le gaz g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par gaz\u00e9ification du charbon est un gaz synth\u00e9tique, appel\u00e9 syngas.<\/strong> L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est s\u00e9par\u00e9 des autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019absorbeurs ou de membranes sp\u00e9ciales. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sera dit brun ou noir selon le type de charbon utilis\u00e9\u00a0: brun pour le lignite et noir pour le charbon bitumineux. \u00a0La production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne brun ou noir est un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 extr\u00eamement polluant <\/strong>puisque que le CO2 et le CO ne peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9utilis\u00e9s et sont rel\u00e2ch\u00e9s dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hydrog\u00e8ne produit \u00e0 partir de biomasse<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

La\nbiomasse peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre transform\u00e9e<\/a> en hydrog\u00e8ne par gaz\u00e9ification. Selon\nle type de biomasse utilis\u00e9e et le recours ou non \u00e0 diverses technologies pour\ncapter et stocker le carbone, les \u00e9missions nettes de carbone peuvent \u00eatre\ninf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par la production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne brun ou gris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gris : le plus courant<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

La plupart de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit actuellement est produit \u00e0 partir de gaz naturel : le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de \u00ab\u00a0vapor\u00e9formage\u00a0\u00bb <\/strong>permet de s\u00e9parer les mol\u00e9cules d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne des mol\u00e9cules de carbone auxquelles elles sont li\u00e9es avec de la vapeur d\u2019eau, mais ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e8re \u00e9galement du CO2. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ainsi produit est dit gris lorsque le CO2 n\u2019est pas capt\u00e9. La plupart de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit actuellement<\/a> est de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne gris dont la production g\u00e9n\u00e8re environ 9,3 kg de CO2 par kg d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit<\/a>. On utilise \u00e9galement parfois le terme \u00ab\u00a0gris\u00a0\u00bb pour parler d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit \u00e0 partir de combustibles fossiles sans captage des gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, la diff\u00e9rence avec les variantes brun ou noir portant alors sur la moindre quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9missions g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es lors de sa production. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bleu\u2026 si captage g\u00e9ologique <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est dit bleu lorsque les \u00e9missions g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de vapor\u00e9formage sont capt\u00e9es et stock\u00e9es dans le sol gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des techniques industrielles de captage et de stockage du CO2 (CSC) pour \u00e9viter qu\u2019il ne soit rel\u00e2ch\u00e9 dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. C\u2019est pourquoi l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne bleu est souvent consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une source d\u2019\u00e9nergie neutre en carbone m\u00eame s\u2019il serait plus exact de dire \u00ab\u00a0bas carbone\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> car \u00a010 \u00e0 20 % du CO2 produit ne peut \u00eatre capt\u00e9<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Turquoise : du carbone solide comme sous-produit<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Un nouveau proc\u00e9d\u00e9 d\u2019extraction de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne contenu dans le gaz naturel est actuellement en cours d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation. Le m\u00e9thane du gaz naturel est s\u00e9par\u00e9 \u00e0 haute temp\u00e9rature en hydrog\u00e8ne gazeux et en carbone solide gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 appel\u00e9 pyrolyse du m\u00e9thane<\/strong>. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ainsi produit est dit \u00ab\u00a0turquoise\u00a0\u00bb ou bas-carbone. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lorsque l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 appel\u00e9 \u00e9lectrolyse de l\u2019eau<\/strong> – r\u00e9action \u00e9lectrochimique qui divise l\u2019eau en hydrog\u00e8ne et en oxyg\u00e8ne – il peut \u00eatre de trois couleurs\u00a0: rose, jaune ou vert. Dans ce cas la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9missions g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es sur la totalit\u00e9 du cycle de vie d\u00e9pendra du mode de production de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e pour produire l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il existe presque autant de types d\u2019\u00e9lectrolyseur pour produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne que de couleurs d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. Davine Janssen, d\u2019Euractiv.com, a dress\u00e9 un panorama des diff\u00e9rentes techniques utilis\u00e9es en Chine et dans l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rose : \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 d\u2019origine nucl\u00e9aire<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

La couleur rose est parfois utilis\u00e9e quand l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne\u00a0est produit\u00a0avec de l’ \u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jaune : un mix de ce qui est disponible<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

La couleur jaune est parfois\nutilis\u00e9e pour qualifier l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne produit par \u00e9lectrolyse de l\u2019eau avec de\nl\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 d\u2019origine solaire, mais \u00e9galement lorsque le courant \u00e9lectrique\nutilis\u00e9 provient des diverses sources, renouvelables et fossiles, disponibles\ndans le mix \u00e9lectrique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vert : \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 provenant de sources renouvelables<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Enfin, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre vert \u2013 il est alors appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0hydrog\u00e8ne propre\u00a0\u00bb – lorsque l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e a \u00e9t\u00e9 produite \u00e0 partir de sources renouvelables<\/strong>. Mais cela ne repr\u00e9sente qu\u2019environ 1 % de la production totale d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. La Commission europ\u00e9enne entend y rem\u00e9dier gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une strat\u00e9gie de soutien \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/a> qui vise \u00e0 mettre en avant son potentiel dans le cadre d\u2019une Europe neutre pour le climat et \u00e0 en faire l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment central du pacte vert pour l\u2019Europe \u00a0(et de son budget sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La plupart des grands noms et acteurs de l\u2019\u00e9nergie ont favorablement accueilli la strat\u00e9gie europ\u00e9enne, m\u00eame si celle-ci soul\u00e8ve des questions en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9silience, faisabilit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique, et plus important encore pour nos membres, concernant le r\u00f4le que pourrait avoir l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne dans les villes. Surveillez notre site internet de pr\u00e8s, nous vous en dirons plus dans les prochaines semaines !<\/strong> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pas un d\u00e9bat sur l\u2019avenir de l\u2019\u00e9nergie sans que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ne soit sur toutes les l\u00e8vres. Une \u00e9nergie souvent associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des couleurs dont la [\u2026]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":34961,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"hub":[308],"topic":[101],"legislative_initiative":[],"document_type":[],"acf":[],"author_meta":{"display_name":"Sara Giovannini","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/s-giovannini\/"},"featured_img":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cierra-norman-EI_KMLhbZ0Y-unsplash-312x250.jpg","featured_image_src":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cierra-norman-EI_KMLhbZ0Y-unsplash.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"Sara Giovannini","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/s-giovannini\/"},"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et ses 50 nuances de gris, vert, bleu \u2026 - Energy Cities<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/lhydrogene-et-ses-50-nuances-de-gris-vert-bleu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et ses 50 nuances de gris, vert, bleu \u2026 - Energy Cities\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pas un d\u00e9bat sur l\u2019avenir de l\u2019\u00e9nergie sans que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ne soit sur toutes les l\u00e8vres. Une \u00e9nergie souvent associ\u00e9e \u00e0 des couleurs dont la [\u2026]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/lhydrogene-et-ses-50-nuances-de-gris-vert-bleu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Energy Cities\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/energycities.eu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-11-13T14:27:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-12-10T11:13:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cierra-norman-EI_KMLhbZ0Y-unsplash.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"3492\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2794\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Giovannini_S\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@energycities\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sara Giovannini\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Energy Cities\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/energycities.eu\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UChIHn2wF76JzuTbAjSMs0hQ\",\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_Cities\",\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/energycities\"],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/energy-cities-couleur.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/energy-cities-couleur.jpg\",\"width\":3508,\"height\":2587,\"caption\":\"Energy Cities\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/\",\"name\":\"Energy Cities\",\"description\":\" The European learning community for future-proof cities\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/lhydrogene-et-ses-50-nuances-de-gris-vert-bleu\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cierra-norman-EI_KMLhbZ0Y-unsplash.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/cierra-norman-EI_KMLhbZ0Y-unsplash.jpg\",\"width\":3492,\"height\":2794,\"caption\":\"Photo by Cierra Norman on Unsplash\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/lhydrogene-et-ses-50-nuances-de-gris-vert-bleu\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/lhydrogene-et-ses-50-nuances-de-gris-vert-bleu\/\",\"name\":\"L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et ses 50 nuances de gris, vert, bleu \u2026 - 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