{"id":37535,"date":"2021-03-19T18:11:51","date_gmt":"2021-03-19T17:11:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/?p=37535"},"modified":"2021-03-19T18:20:22","modified_gmt":"2021-03-19T17:20:22","slug":"plongee-au-coeur-du-debat-sur-lhydrogene-dans-nos-villes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/plongee-au-coeur-du-debat-sur-lhydrogene-dans-nos-villes\/","title":{"rendered":"Plong\u00e9e au c\u0153ur du d\u00e9bat sur l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne dans nos villes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La semaine derni\u00e8re, lors du webinaire organis\u00e9 par Decarb City Pipes 2050<\/a>, Lisa Fischer, Responsable de programme chez E3G a abord\u00e9 avec des repr\u00e9sentants de collectivit\u00e9s locales le r\u00f4le de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne dans la d\u00e9carbonisation des villes. L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne*<\/strong> est souvent pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme une solution simple pour se d\u00e9barrasser des combustibles fossiles actuellement utilis\u00e9s pour le chauffage et le refroidissement en milieu urbain. Mais la question fait d\u00e9bat parmi les experts en raison des incertitudes et du risque de verrouillage technologique. C\u2019est pourquoi nous vous proposons de d\u00e9cortiquer cet argument point par point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est-il performant ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert utilise cinq fois<\/a> plus d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour chauffer une habitation qu\u2019une pompe \u00e0 chaleur. En d\u2019autres termes, la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelable n\u00e9cessaire pour faire fonctionner un syst\u00e8me de chauffage basse temp\u00e9rature fonctionnant \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne repr\u00e9sente 500 \u00e0 600 %<\/a> de la quantit\u00e9 consomm\u00e9e par une pompe \u00e0 chaleur. En effet, le transport, le stockage et les multiples \u00e9tapes de transformation et de combustion de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne entra\u00eenent des pertes importantes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Richard Lowes, de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Exeter, conclut<\/a> : \u00ab\u00a0Dans toutes les analyses que j\u2019ai pu lire, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ou d\u2019\u00e9lectrification, il faut une bonne efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique pour que le projet soit rentable.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Diff\u00e9rence de rendement \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique entre l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert <\/em>
et une pompe \u00e0 chaleur aliment\u00e9e par de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 verte<\/em>
Source : <\/em>LETI hydrogen Report<\/em><\/a>, Source des donn\u00e9es : Prof. David Cebon.<\/em> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est-il comp\u00e9titif ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 en mati\u00e8re de co\u00fbts est relative et les donn\u00e9es doivent\n\u00eatre compar\u00e9es en tenant compte des diff\u00e9rentes solutions bas carbone pouvant\n\u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour chauffer les villes : pompes \u00e0 chaleur, r\u00e9seau de\nchauffage urbain et chaudi\u00e8res \u00e0 hydrog\u00e8ne. L\u2019analyse des co\u00fbts peut en effet\ngrandement varier selon les crit\u00e8res utilis\u00e9s, comme le niveau de prix de\nl\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, les estimations de temp\u00e9ratures pour les\nd\u00e9cennies \u00e0 venir, les infrastructures, etc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des \u00e9tudes scientifiques<\/strong><\/a> montrent cependant que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne n\u2019est pas comp\u00e9titif pour le chauffage <\/strong>face \u00e0 des pompes \u00e0 chaleur a\u00e9rothermiques dont le co\u00fbt est d\u2019au moins 50 % inf\u00e9rieur<\/strong> \u00e0 celui des technologies utilisant uniquement l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. L\u2019ICCT<\/a> affirme m\u00eame que \u00ab\u00a0m\u00eame avec un prix du gaz naturel 50 % moins \u00e9lev\u00e9 ou un prix de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 renouvelable 50 % plus cher en 2050 par rapport \u00e0 nos hypoth\u00e8ses de base, les pompes \u00e0 chaleur restent plus rentables que les chaudi\u00e8res \u00e0 hydrog\u00e8ne ou les piles \u00e0 combustible\u00a0\u00bb, un point non n\u00e9gligeable compte tenu de la dimension sociale de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

En effet, comme nous l\u2019avons vu pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, les syst\u00e8mes de chauffage \u00e0 base d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne consomment beaucoup plus d\u2019\u00e9nergie que les pompes \u00e0 chaleur. Et une grande partie<\/a> du co\u00fbt de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert \u00e9tant li\u00e9e au co\u00fbt de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, toute baisse du prix de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 renouvelable b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne<\/a>, mais \u00e9galement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectrification, qui restera donc moins on\u00e9reuse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, des experts pr\u00e9voient qu\u2019une utilisation massive de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e0 des fins de chauffage\u00a0 entra\u00eenerait un doublement des co\u00fbts de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne.<\/a> En effet, une production d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne peinant \u00e0 satisfaire la demande ne peut que conduire \u00e0 une concurrence entre les diff\u00e9rents secteurs (industrie, chimie, stockage de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9), \u00a0et donc \u00e0 une augmentation des prix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ceci \u00e9tant, les b\u00e2timents non r\u00e9nov\u00e9s<\/a> constituent une exception notable o\u00f9 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne peut se r\u00e9v\u00e9ler plus comp\u00e9titif. Mais la proposition de Vague de r\u00e9novation<\/a> entend r\u00e9duire l\u2019\u00e9nergie utilis\u00e9e pour le chauffage et les exigences de performance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique minimales propos\u00e9es dans le cadre de la Directive sur la performance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des b\u00e2timents visent \u00e0 s\u2019attaquer en premier lieu \u00e0 ces b\u00e2timents peu performants, r\u00e9duisant \u00e0 n\u00e9ant ce march\u00e9 potentiel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quelles infrastructures pour une utilisation de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne en ville ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne n\u2019a pas les m\u00eames propri\u00e9t\u00e9s que le gaz naturel. Utiliser 100 % d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne pour chauffer les b\u00e2timents supposerait de modifier les canalisations amenant le gaz aux habitations, et aux divers \u00e9quipements dans la maison. Or le r\u00e9seau de gaz naturel \u00e0 usage domestique<\/a> peut utiliser des mat\u00e9riaux tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rents. Cela veut dire que pour certaines habitations, le passage \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne pourrait se faire tr\u00e8s facilement, et ne n\u00e9cessiterait que de changer la chaudi\u00e8re et le compteur, mais que pour d\u2019autres, il faudrait \u00e9galement changer toute l\u2019installation. Afin de faciliter les travaux de conversion, qui pourraient prendre plusieurs jours par habitation, les entreprises fournissant du gaz proposent d\u00e9j\u00e0 des chaudi\u00e8res mixtes pouvant fonctionner \u00e0 l\u2019avenir avec de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La recherche<\/a> a montr\u00e9 qu\u2019il reste de nombreuses incertitudes \u00e0 lever et qu\u2019au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019acceptabilit\u00e9 de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne par les propri\u00e9taires, \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019inaccessibilit\u00e9 des conduites de gaz naturel \u00e0 usage domestique peut repr\u00e9senter un s\u00e9rieux frein \u00e0 la conversion s\u2019il faut inspecter ou remplacer ces conduites qui sont souvent recouvertes de b\u00e9ton ou passent par des vides sanitaires inaccessibles\u00a0\u00bb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une autre limitation concerne la responsabilit\u00e9 et la prise en charge du co\u00fbt de ces transformations<\/a>. Par rapport \u00e0 une \u00e9lectrification ou au gaz naturel, les investissements n\u00e9cessaires pour une conversion \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne pr\u00e9sentent plus de risques et une rentabilit\u00e9 moindre car il s\u2019agit d\u2019une technologie qui n\u2019a pas encore fait ses preuves et doit \u00eatre transpos\u00e9e \u00e0 plus grande \u00e9chelle, et en raison des incertitudes li\u00e9es au co\u00fbt de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne. Des investissements publics suppl\u00e9mentaires au frais du contribuable sont donc n\u00e9cessaires pour financer ces travaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour les citoyens, le passage \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne se fait-il sans heurt ou est-ce une r\u00e9elle rupture\u00a0?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est une question importante qui a beaucoup \u00e0 voir avec le d\u00e9bat sur les infrastructures soulev\u00e9 par les compagnies gazi\u00e8res. Selon ces derni\u00e8res, l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne offre une solution \u00ab\u00a0\u00e0 l\u2019identique\u00a0\u00bb,<\/a> le remplacement du gaz naturel par l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne \u00e9tant pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme une op\u00e9ration indolore et sans effort<\/a> pour les citoyens. Cet argument<\/a> non-disruptif a de quoi s\u00e9duire les responsables politiques. Mais cela reste un peu vague, d\u2019autant que le changement de gaz pourrait avoir un impact sur le montant des factures et n\u00e9cessiter de changer toute l\u2019installation au domicile des particuliers<\/a> (chaudi\u00e8re, tuyauteries int\u00e9rieures<\/a>, cuisini\u00e8re, etc.) et sur le r\u00e9seau (canalisations et compresseurs). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A quand des villes chauff\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne ? <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s analyse des projets et du march\u00e9 au Royaume-Uni, Centrica<\/a>, l\u2019un des principaux fournisseurs de gaz, admet qu\u2019il faudra encore attendre plus de dix ans avant de pouvoir produire de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne vert pour le chauffage. Alors que les technologies de chauffage urbain et de pompe \u00e0 chaleur sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 disponibles. Attendre que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne arrive dans les villes, c\u2019est risquer de cr\u00e9er un terrible effet de verrouillage au d\u00e9triment d\u2019autres technologies qui pourraient contribuer \u00e0 la d\u00e9carbonisation du chauffage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Face \u00e0 cette perspective, Jan Rosenow, de l\u2019ONG Regulatory Assistance Project, affirme<\/a> \u00ab\u00a0Oui pour faire des recherches sur l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et mener des projets pilotes, mais c\u2019est un pari risqu\u00e9 que de dire que l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne r\u00e9soudra tous nos probl\u00e8mes en 2040 et ne rien faire entretemps. Je pense que ce serait m\u00eame irresponsable.\u201d <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La semaine derni\u00e8re, lors du webinaire organis\u00e9 par Decarb City Pipes 2050, Lisa Fischer, Responsable de programme chez E3G a abord\u00e9 avec des repr\u00e9sentants de [\u2026]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":55,"featured_media":37516,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"hub":[308],"topic":[22,101,112],"legislative_initiative":[],"document_type":[],"acf":[],"author_meta":{"display_name":"M\u00e9lanie Bourgeois","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/m-bourgeois\/"},"featured_img":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tian-kuan-9AxFJaNySB8-unsplash-1-315x250.jpg","featured_image_src":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/tian-kuan-9AxFJaNySB8-unsplash-1.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"M\u00e9lanie Bourgeois","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/m-bourgeois\/"},"yoast_head":"\nPlong\u00e9e au c\u0153ur du d\u00e9bat sur l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne dans nos villes - Energy Cities<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne est souvent pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme la solution ultime pour se d\u00e9barrasser des \u00e9nergies fossiles dans le secteur du chauffage et de la climatisation en milieu urbain. 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