{"id":85599,"date":"2025-04-14T08:59:47","date_gmt":"2025-04-14T06:59:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/?p=85599"},"modified":"2025-04-14T09:00:30","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T07:00:30","slug":"en-route-vers-une-europe-de-lenergie-autonome-pour-ses-entreprises-et-ses-citoyens","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/en-route-vers-une-europe-de-lenergie-autonome-pour-ses-entreprises-et-ses-citoyens\/","title":{"rendered":"En route vers une Europe de l&rsquo;\u00e9nergie autonome pour ses entreprises et ses citoyens"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Au vu du contexte g\u00e9opolitique actuel, les importations de gaz apparaissent comme le talon d\u2019Achille de l\u2019Europe \u00e0 tous les niveaux de gouvernance (europ\u00e9en, nationaux et locaux). La solution&nbsp;? Une \u00e9nergie europ\u00e9enne pour les citoyens et les industries de l\u2019UE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Capture-decran-2025-03-25-a-16.32.47.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-85367\" width=\"278\" height=\"223\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>-L\u2019an dernier, 15&nbsp;\u00c9tats membres appelaient \u00e0&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ehpa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Joint-non-paper_HPAP_20240514.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">une nouvelle strat\u00e9gie europ\u00e9enne pour la chaleur et le froid<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-En janvier, 10 \u00c9tats membres ont pr\u00f4n\u00e9&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-01-13\/10-eu-nations-say-it-s-time-to-sanction-russian-natural-gas-lng\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">l\u2019interdiction, ou du moins d\u2019importantes restrictions, sur le GNL russe<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-En f\u00e9vrier, le chancelier allemand en devenir, Friederich Merz, affirmait clairement le besoin d\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de l\u2019UE vis-\u00e0-vis des \u00c9tats-Unis (en 2024, l\u2019UE a import\u00e9 51&nbsp;mmc de GNL \u00e9tasunien).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>-Enfin, la Commission europ\u00e9enne a propos\u00e9 un plan d\u2019\u00e9conomie de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/energy\/eu-says-energy-plan-could-cut-45-billion-euros-off-fossil-fuel-import-bill-2025-02-26\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">45&nbsp;milliards d\u2019euros en 2025 sur l\u2019importation de p\u00e9trole et de gaz<\/a>&nbsp;(avec pour objectif 130&nbsp;milliards d\u2019euros d\u2019\u00e9conomies annuelles d\u2019ici 2030).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2>Les villes europ\u00e9ennes m\u00e8nent la lutte pour la r\u00e9duction de la consommation de gaz dans les b\u00e2timents.&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Si Lyon a r\u00e9duit les \u00e9missions de CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;de ses b\u00e2timents de&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/brunobernard.bsky.social\/post\/3lfsajalt7t2e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">36,6&nbsp;% au cours des quatre derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es<\/a>, un chiffre impressionnant, rien ne semble pouvoir arr\u00eater&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu\/en\/munich-s-thorough-full-city-detox\">le pla<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu\/en\/munich-s-thorough-full-city-detox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/eu-mayors.ec.europa.eu\/en\/munich-s-thorough-full-city-detox\"> de Munich<\/a>, centr\u00e9 sur une \u00e9nergie g\u00e9othermique z\u00e9ro carbone. Jan Rosenow a sign\u00e9&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/theprogressplaybook.com\/2025\/02\/19\/a-future-without-gas-how-german-cities-are-managing-the-transition-to-climate-neutral-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">un article formidable sur la mani\u00e8re dont d\u2019autres villes allemandes entendent \u00e9liminer le recours au gaz<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En tout, 21 des 27 \u00c9tats membres s\u2019attaquent actuellement de front \u00e0 la question de l\u2019offre et de la demande de gaz en Europe. Pour les autres, les Pays-Bas ont d\u00e9j\u00e0&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/dutch-cities-gain-new-powers-to-disconnect-gas-users-and-accelerate-shift-to-district-heating\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">charg\u00e9 leurs villes de d\u00e9manteler leurs r\u00e9seaux de gaz<\/a>, la Belgique s\u2019est abstenue de toute action nationale car ce sujet rel\u00e8ve de la comp\u00e9tence des r\u00e9gions, la Bulgarie vit&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/October_2024_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">actuellement des troubles politiques \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du pays<\/a>&nbsp;et la Hongrie a connu une forte croissance de&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ember-energy.org\/latest-insights\/european-electricity-review-2025\/solars-meteoric-growth-continues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">l\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire d\u2019apr\u00e8s de r\u00e9cents rapports<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">\u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019autosuffisance dans le secteur de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, comme dans les autres secteurs, est fondamentale pour l\u2019avenir de l\u2019Europe&nbsp;\u00bb<\/span><\/p><cite><span style=\"font-size: revert;\">a expliqu\u00e9 clairement Sari Multala, ministre finlandaise du Climat, sur&nbsp;<em>Politico<\/em>.<\/span><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong><strong>Pays exigeant des actes en mati\u00e8re de demande (chaleur)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><strong>Pays exigeant des actes en mati\u00e8re d\u2019offre (importations de gaz)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lettonie, Autriche, Chypre, Danemark, Estonie, France, Irlande, Gr\u00e8ce, Lituanie, Luxembourg, Malte, Portugal, Slovaquie, Slov\u00e9nie, Espagne<\/td><td>Lettonie, Lituanie, Estonie, Finlande, Su\u00e8de, Pologne, Tch\u00e9quie, Roumanie, Irlande, Danemark, Allemagne<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2>Adieu au gaz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ainsi, il existe un large consensus au niveau europ\u00e9en et entre les diff\u00e9rents niveaux de gouvernance sur la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de r\u00e9duire de fa\u00e7on drastique la consommation de gaz.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/renewable-energy-market-update-june-2023\/how-much-will-renewables-reduce-gas-consumption-in-european-buildings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">D\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019AIE<\/a>, les b\u00e2timents de l\u2019UE ont consomm\u00e9 environ 120&nbsp;mmc de gaz chaque ann\u00e9e entre 2011 et 2022. En 2023,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/infographics\/where-does-the-eu-s-gas-come-from\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">l\u2019UE a import\u00e9<\/a>&nbsp;au total presque 100&nbsp;mmc de gaz des \u00c9tats-Unis (dont 56,2&nbsp;mmc de GNL) et de Russie (25,1&nbsp;mmc par pipeline, 17,8&nbsp;mmc de GNL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En clair, remplacer les importations de gaz par une&nbsp;<em>\u00e9nergie europ\u00e9enne pour les citoyens europ\u00e9ens<\/em>&nbsp;permettrait d\u2019atteindre l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique vis-\u00e0-vis des \u00c9tats-Unis et de la Russie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u00ab&nbsp;Munich a fait d\u2019importants efforts pour abandonner les \u00e9nergies fossiles, motiv\u00e9e par des raisons climatiques, mais cela offre un avantage certain&nbsp;: nous d\u00e9pendons toujours moins des march\u00e9s internationaux de l\u2019\u00e9nergie. Notre plan consiste \u00e0 recourir \u00e0 une \u00e9nergie europ\u00e9enne pour chauffer les foyers et les entreprises de l\u2019UE.&nbsp;\u00bb <\/p><cite>Christine Kugler, cheffe du d\u00e9partement de la protection du climat et de l&rsquo;environnement de la ville de Munich, Allemagne.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Les \u00e9nergies de remplacement du gaz varieront d\u2019une ville \u00e0 l\u2019autre, d\u2019une r\u00e9gion \u00e0 l\u2019autre et d\u2019un pays \u00e0 l\u2019autre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2><strong>Mise en \u0153uvre de plans pour la chaleur et le froid au niveau local<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u2019ils sont faits correctement, les plans pour la chaleur et le froid des villes de plus de 45&nbsp;000&nbsp;habitants permettront d\u2019identifier les ressources d\u2019\u00e9nergie bas carbone locale. La r\u00e9cente directive relative \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique demande en effet aux villes qu\u2019elles identifient leur demande et leur offre en \u00e9nergie et \u00e9laborent un plan pour abandonner les \u00e9nergies fossiles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9lectrification accomplira une bonne partie du travail, mais la chaleur de r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration, la chaleur g\u00e9othermique, le chauffage par quartier, l\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire thermique et d\u2019autres technologies ont aussi leur r\u00f4le \u00e0 jour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ainsi, il est fondamental que la future strat\u00e9gie de chaleur et de froid de l\u2019UE r\u00e9duise les obstacles \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre de la chaleur et de froid par quartier, ainsi qu\u2019aux projets de g\u00e9othermie. Ces projets ont par nature des co\u00fbts initiaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s, repr\u00e9sentent un plus grand risque et exigent de nombreuses ressources en mati\u00e8re de planification et de gestion par les villes. Cependant, les effets en sont particuli\u00e8rement b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques&nbsp;: une r\u00e9silience et une fiabilit\u00e9 accrue, une r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions et la cr\u00e9ation de nombreux emplois.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un risque persiste toutefois, celui de voir ces plans de chaleur et de froid au niveau local, pour certaines villes qui ne disposeraient pas des ressources n\u00e9cessaires, ne pas \u00eatre suivis d\u2019effet, de voir ces plans r\u00e9dig\u00e9s en bonne et due forme par des consultants puis rang\u00e9s sur des \u00e9tag\u00e8res num\u00e9riques o\u00f9 ils prendront la poussi\u00e8re. L\u2019UE doit donc \u00e9laborer des plans de chaleur et de froid pour des projets rentables et r\u00e9alistes au niveau local en cr\u00e9ant une \u00ab&nbsp;EU Heating and Cooling Facility&nbsp;\u00bb sur le mod\u00e8le de l\u2019initiative&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eucityfacility.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EU City Facility<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Par ailleurs, les \u00c9tats membres doivent absolument soutenir leurs villes dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration et la mise en \u0153uvre de ces plans. Il s\u2019agira d\u2019une part d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.euractiv.com\/section\/eet\/news\/pressure-grows-on-8-eu-countries-to-slash-paradoxical-power-taxes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">adapter la taxation de l\u2019\u00e9nergie pour favoriser la d\u00e9carbonation du chauffage<\/a>, et de transposer dans les plus brefs d\u00e9lais la directive relative \u00e0 l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. En l\u2019\u00e9tat, le processus de transposition est trop lent, comme en t\u00e9moigne le&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/local-heating-and-cooling-plan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">barom\u00e8tre de la transposition d\u2019Energy Cities<\/a>. Il est particuli\u00e8rement inqui\u00e9tant que pas un seul pays de l\u2019UE ne dispose d\u2019un cadre l\u00e9gal pour le froid. Or, le froid repr\u00e9sentera un poids terrible sur notre syst\u00e8me \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et la qualit\u00e9 de vie de millions d\u2019Europ\u00e9ens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Depuis quelques semaines, le monde semble moins s\u00fbr qu\u2019auparavant. Et cela ne devrait pas aller en s\u2019am\u00e9liorant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9nergie repr\u00e9sente un enjeu central de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne. La d\u00e9pendance au gaz est une de ses plus grandes faiblesses sur le plan strat\u00e9gique. Nous avons cru que le GNL \u00e9tasunien permettrait d\u2019att\u00e9nuer cette faiblesse, mais ce n\u2019est plus le cas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, il est devenu urgent d\u2019atteindre une v\u00e9ritable s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique en misant sur l\u2019\u00e9nergie europ\u00e9enne pour les familles et les entreprises europ\u00e9ennes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heureusement, les villes innovantes et ambitieuses du <a href=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/members\/?mode=map\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">r\u00e9seau Energy Cities<\/a> ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 fait de grands pas vers le syst\u00e8me \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique rentable, bas carbone, rentable et r\u00e9silient dont nous avons besoin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Au vu du contexte g\u00e9opolitique actuel, les importations de gaz apparaissent comme le talon d\u2019Achille de l\u2019Europe \u00e0 tous les niveaux de gouvernance (europ\u00e9en, nationaux <a href=\"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/en-route-vers-une-europe-de-lenergie-autonome-pour-ses-entreprises-et-ses-citoyens\/\">[\u2026]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":85362,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"hub":[308],"topic":[22,112,332,350,372],"legislative_initiative":[],"document_type":[],"acf":[],"author_meta":{"display_name":"Adrian Hiel","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/a-hiel\/"},"featured_img":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/AdobeStock_823720370-334x250.jpeg","featured_image_src":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/AdobeStock_823720370-scaled.jpeg","author_info":{"display_name":"Adrian Hiel","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/a-hiel\/"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized 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