{"id":98987,"date":"2026-09-16T16:20:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T14:20:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/?p=98987"},"modified":"2026-09-16T16:23:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T14:23:55","slug":"canicules-en-ville-se-preparer-pour-se-proteger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/canicules-en-ville-se-preparer-pour-se-proteger\/","title":{"rendered":"Canicules en ville: se pr\u00e9parer pour se prot\u00e9ger\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

L\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9 2026 a une nouvelle fois rappel\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s frappante \u00e0 l\u2019Europe que le changement climatique bouleverse la vie dans nos villes. Juin a \u00e9t\u00e9 le mois de juin le plus chaud jamais enregistr\u00e9<\/strong><\/a> en Europe occidentale<\/strong>, avec des temp\u00e9ratures sup\u00e9rieures de 3,06 \u00b0C \u00e0 la moyenne de la p\u00e9riode 1991-2020. Juillet a suivi avec le deuxi\u00e8me mois de juillet le plus chaud jamais enregistr\u00e9, et la chaleur s\u2019est poursuivie en ao\u00fbt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et la chaleur ne gen\u00e8re pas juste de l\u2019inconfort. Elle est mortelle<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les vagues de chaleur constituent le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique le plus meurtrier en Europe, repr\u00e9sentant environ 95 % des d\u00e9c\u00e8s li\u00e9s aux ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques et climatiques extr\u00eames. Cet \u00e9t\u00e9, la France a connu cinq vagues de chaleur, dont une d\u00e8s la fin du mois de mai, avec plus de 7 300 d\u00e9c\u00e8s li\u00e9s \u00e0 la chaleur enregistr\u00e9s, selon Sant\u00e9 publique France. L\u2019Espagne a enregistr\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 5 400 d\u00e9c\u00e8s li\u00e9s aux fortes chaleurs, tandis que l\u2019Allemagne a recens\u00e9 environ 14 000 d\u00e9c\u00e8s li\u00e9s \u00e0 la chaleur en 2026, selon l\u2019Institut Robert Koch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les villes sont particuli\u00e8rement expos\u00e9es. Le b\u00e9ton, l\u2019asphalte et les surfaces sombres absorbent et stockent la chaleur, et les b\u00e2timents la retiennent et la restituent ensuite. Ajoutez \u00e0 cela le manque de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation, d\u2019ombre et d\u2019eau, et vous obtenez le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u2019\u00ab \u00eelot de chaleur urbain \u00bb : les villes peuvent litt\u00e9ralement aggraver la chaleur<\/strong><\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alors que l\u2019Europe se r\u00e9chauffe deux fois plus vite que la moyenne mondiale et que les vagues de chaleur deviennent plus fr\u00e9quentes et plus persistantes, les villes europ\u00e9ennes sont en premi\u00e8re ligne, confront\u00e9es \u00e0 des impacts toujours plus d\u00e9vastateurs. \u00c0 mesure que les \u00e9t\u00e9s se r\u00e9chauffent, les villes doivent faire face simultan\u00e9ment \u00e0 une crise de sant\u00e9 publique<\/strong><\/a>, \u00e0 des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales qui se creusent<\/strong><\/a>, \u00e0 des dommages aux infrastructures<\/strong><\/a> et \u00e0 des perturbations \u00e9conomiques<\/strong><\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
(c) https:\/\/climate.copernicus.eu\/intense-heatwave-brings-hottest-june-western-europe-month-ranks-second-warmest-globally<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Comment permettre la vie urbaine par 40\u00b0C ? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Face \u00e0 cette situation, les villes ne se demandent plus seulement \u00ab Comment rafra\u00eechir la ville ? \u00bb, mais se posent aussi une question urgente : \u00ab Comment faire en sorte que les habitant\u00b7es puissent vivre, travailler, se d\u00e9placer et jouer en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 lorsqu\u2019il fait 40 \u00b0c ? \u00bb\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Partout en Europe, les villes exp\u00e9rimentent des solutions fond\u00e9es sur la nature<\/a><\/strong>, des corridors verts et parcs aux arbres et micro-for\u00eats. \u00c0 Metz, en France<\/a>, La For\u00eat des Ponts<\/em> transforme une ancienne friche militaire en for\u00eat urbaine, con\u00e7ue pour offrir aux habitants quatre \u00eelots de fra\u00eecheur.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les villes misent \u00e9galement sur un am\u00e9nagement urbain intelligent<\/strong>, avec notamment des \u00eelots de fra\u00eecheur et des b\u00e2timents adapt\u00e9s aux fortes chaleurs. \u00c0 Valence, en Espagne<\/a>, la ville d\u00e9veloppe par exemple un r\u00e9seau de refuges climatiques, associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une planification adaptative et \u00e0 la mobilisation des communaut\u00e9s locales, afin de mieux prot\u00e9ger les habitant\u00b7es face \u00e0 la hausse des temp\u00e9ratures.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les communaut\u00e9s<\/strong> sont au c\u0153ur des actions d\u2019adaptation des villes. \u00c0 Turin, en Italie<\/a>, un outil interactif consacr\u00e9 aux risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la chaleur et \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 cartographie les risques de chaleur dans toute la ville, permettant d\u2019identifier les zones vuln\u00e9rables et d\u2019orienter l\u2019action locale. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais rafra\u00eechir une ville ne consiste pas seulement \u00e0 planter des arbres ou installer des fontaines. C\u2019est aussi une question d\u2019am\u00e9nagement et de planification.<\/strong> Les villes doivent savoir o\u00f9 la chaleur frappe le plus durement, qui y est le plus expos\u00e9 et comment les habitant\u00b7es y font face. \u00c0 Nantes, en France<\/a>, une enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e aupr\u00e8s de 1 300 habitant\u00b7es apr\u00e8s la vague de chaleur de 2022 a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 ses effets sur la sant\u00e9 et la vie quotidienne. En croisant des donn\u00e9es sociales et spatiales, l\u2019\u00e9tude a permis d\u2019identifier les groupes vuln\u00e9rables et leurs strat\u00e9gies d\u2019adaptation, fournissant ainsi une base pour mettre en place des solutions mieux cibl\u00e9es. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grenoble<\/a> offre un autre exemple de la mani\u00e8re dont ces enjeux peuvent devenir une v\u00e9ritable politique publique. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 r\u00e9cemment, Grenoble-Alpes M\u00e9tropole ne disposait ni d\u2019un service d\u00e9di\u00e9 ni d\u2019une politique sp\u00e9cifiquement consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 la surchauffe urbaine, m\u00eame si des initiatives telles que son plan canop\u00e9e \u00e9taient d\u00e9j\u00e0 en cours. La m\u00e9tropole utilise d\u00e9sormais de nouveaux outils pour renforcer son expertise en climatologie urbaine et a cr\u00e9\u00e9 un groupe interd\u00e9partemental r\u00e9unissant les services concern\u00e9s par la surchauffe urbaine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour en savoir plus sur la strat\u00e9gie de Grenoble, \u00e9coutez l\u2019\u00e9pisode complet : How to turn a city into a cool place<\/em><\/a> et \u00e9changez en direct avec un repr\u00e9sentant de la ville le 6 octobre<\/strong>, \u00e0 l\u2019occasion du webinaire \u00ab How cities design cooler public spaces<\/strong> \u00bb. La ville d\u2019Ath\u00e8nes (Gr\u00e8ce)<\/strong> pr\u00e9sentera \u00e9galement ses approches innovantes pour am\u00e9liorer le confort thermique et renforcer la r\u00e9silience des espaces publics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u00a9 KC Green, https:\/\/thenib.com\/this-is-not-fine\/<\/a> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019Europe doit soutenir les villes <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les villes sont en premi\u00e8re ligne face \u00e0 l\u2019adaptation au changement climatique. Mais elles ne peuvent pas financer et mettre en \u0153uvre cette transition seules. Si l\u2019adaptation se joue \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle locale, les conditions qui la rendent possible doivent \u00eatre europ\u00e9ennes.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00eame si l\u2019adaptation aux \u00e9v\u00e9nements m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques extr\u00eames peut \u00eatre co\u00fbteuse, le co\u00fbt de l\u2019inaction ne cesse d\u2019augmenter<\/strong><\/a>. Une \u00e9tude r\u00e9cente estime que les fortes chaleurs pourraient co\u00fbter 180 milliards d\u2019euros aux \u00e9conomies europ\u00e9ennes cette ann\u00e9e<\/strong><\/a>, soit environ 1 % du PIB. Les fortes chaleurs exercent une pression particuli\u00e8rement importante sur les budgets locaux, qui doivent mobiliser les services publics, les dispositifs d\u2019urgence et les moyens n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la r\u00e9paration des infrastructures. Pour s\u2019adapter, les territoires ont besoin de financements pr\u00e9visibles et de long terme pour l\u2019adaptation au changement climatique, plut\u00f4t que de devoir chercher dans l\u2019urgence des financements pour des projets \u00e0 court terme chaque fois que le thermom\u00e8tre bat un nouveau record. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des propositions vont d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans cette direction. Le 4 septembre, l\u2019Espagne a appel\u00e9 \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un Fonds europ\u00e9en d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019adaptation au changement climatique<\/strong><\/a>, dot\u00e9 de nouvelles ressources. Sa proposition pr\u00e9voit notamment d\u2019\u00e9tudier le recours \u00e0 des instruments de dette europ\u00e9ens ainsi que la mise en place d\u2019une contribution sur les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices des entreprises p\u00e9troli\u00e8res et gazi\u00e8res pour financer la r\u00e9silience climatique. L\u2019Espagne a \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9valuations des risques climatiques tous les cinq ans et \u00e0 int\u00e9grer syst\u00e9matiquement ces risques dans la planification des infrastructures, des investissements et des politiques publiques. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce sont le type de propositions que nous devons prendre au s\u00e9rieux. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et elles commencent \u00e0 trouver un \u00e9cho. Nous avons \u00e9t\u00e9 ravis d\u2019entendre Ursula von der Leyen d\u00e9clarer, dans son discours sur l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019Union<\/strong><\/a>, que la lutte contre les fortes chaleurs constitue une priorit\u00e9 pour l\u2019Europe. Sa proposition d\u2019identifier les 100 territoires les plus vuln\u00e9rables dans le cadre du prochain Resilience Framework<\/em> de la Commission va dans la bonne direction, afin de \u00ab nous donner une approche mobilisant l\u2019ensemble de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u2013 jusqu\u2019au niveau local, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l\u2019adaptation compte le plus \u00bb. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Car l\u2019adaptation ne peut pas rester la responsabilit\u00e9 de chaque ville, contrainte d\u2019assembler des projets ponctuels et des financements \u00e0 court terme alors que le climat continue de changer. L\u2019Europe doit cr\u00e9er les conditions permettant aux villes d\u2019anticiper, d\u2019investir \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle et de prot\u00e9ger leurs habitant\u00b7es. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nous ne pouvons plus consid\u00e9rer l\u2019adaptation comme une option. Le choix ne se r\u00e9sume plus \u00e0 agir<\/em> ou ne rien faire<\/em>. Il s\u2019agit de plus en plus de choisir entre anticiper la chaleur ou en payer le prix bien plus lourd lorsqu\u2019elle arrivera.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dossier de septembre : \u00ab Comment faire en sorte que les habitant\u00b7es puissent vivre, travailler, se d\u00e9placer et jouer en toute s\u00e9curit\u00e9 lorsqu\u2019il fait 40 \u00b0c ? \u00bb\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":77,"featured_media":99033,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","ub_ctt_via":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"hub":[307],"topic":[],"legislative_initiative":[],"document_type":[],"acf":[],"author_meta":{"display_name":"Valentine Crosse","author_link":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/fr\/staff\/v-crosse\/"},"featured_img":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Heatwave-dossier-200x250.png","featured_image_src":"https:\/\/energy-cities.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Heatwave-dossier.png","author_info":{"display_name":"Valentine 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